1. The Definition of Logistics
物流的界說
After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.
在完結(jié)商業(yè)買賣之后,物流將以最低本錢和最高效益的方式執(zhí)即將產(chǎn)品從供給商(賣方)流通到顧客(買方)的進(jìn)程。這便是物流的界說。在物流進(jìn)程中,既需求比如物流設(shè)備和設(shè)備(物流運(yùn)送工具等)的硬件,也需求對(duì)物流施行信息化辦理進(jìn)行物流規(guī)范化。此外,政府和物流安排的支撐也不可或缺。
Three major functions of logistics
物流的三大首要功用
(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.
(1)發(fā)明時(shí)刻價(jià)值:同種產(chǎn)品因所在時(shí)刻的不同而有著不同的價(jià)值。在產(chǎn)品流通進(jìn)程中,往往會(huì)處于某種阻滯的狀況,物流的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)就稱之為貯存。貯存發(fā)明了產(chǎn)品的時(shí)刻價(jià)值。
(2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.
(2)發(fā)明場(chǎng)所價(jià)值: 同種產(chǎn)品因所在方位的不同而有著不同的價(jià)值。這種因產(chǎn)品流通進(jìn)程中而發(fā)生的附加增值稱之為物流的場(chǎng)所價(jià)值。
(3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods.
(3) 同配送加工價(jià)值:有時(shí),物流活動(dòng)也能發(fā)明配送加工價(jià)值,這種物流加工首要改動(dòng)產(chǎn)品的長(zhǎng)度、厚度和包裝形狀。物流中常常說到的“分割成更小的部分”便是配送加工中最為常見的方式。大大都物流加工都能發(fā)明產(chǎn)品的附加價(jià)值。

2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:
物流作為新式的商務(wù)范疇,閱歷了從傳統(tǒng)物流向現(xiàn)代物流開展的兩個(gè)階段。這兩個(gè)階段的不同首要體現(xiàn)在以下兩個(gè)方面:
(1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600×400mm, from the logistics module of 1,200×1,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,591×2,438mm-the size of high×wide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships.
(1)現(xiàn)代物流選用了集裝技能。產(chǎn)品物流往往從包裝開端,然后閱歷運(yùn)送、貯存和配送等進(jìn)程。整個(gè)進(jìn)程一直在物流規(guī)范化的前提下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。以物流根底模數(shù)尺度600×400MM為根底,擬定出物流模數(shù)尺度1200×1000MM,并將其擴(kuò)展至2591×2438MM,即構(gòu)成集裝箱的高度與寬度規(guī)范尺度。并能調(diào)整成適宜鐵運(yùn)、汽運(yùn)和船運(yùn)的集裝箱規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺度。
(2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry.
(2)信息技能在現(xiàn)代物流中特別重要。條形碼、出售時(shí)點(diǎn)體系、電子數(shù)據(jù)傳輸體系、全球衛(wèi)星定位體系的運(yùn)用,極大地進(jìn)步了物流活動(dòng)的功率和準(zhǔn)確程度。而互聯(lián)網(wǎng)愈加有助于物流辦理的商場(chǎng)開發(fā)、運(yùn)營(yíng)和辦理。

3.International Logistics
世界物流
An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.
許多企業(yè)正經(jīng)過出口、答應(yīng)、合營(yíng)或跨國(guó)運(yùn)營(yíng)進(jìn)入世界商場(chǎng)。這種趨勢(shì)仍將繼續(xù)。跟著這種趨勢(shì)的開展，開發(fā)世界物流網(wǎng)絡(luò)成為有必要。整合物流辦理和本錢剖析將愈加雜亂和困難。
There are some future trends in internationalization:
世界化將呈現(xiàn)出以下未來趨勢(shì)：
(1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities
(1)物流將更多地承當(dāng)起世界責(zé)任
(2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones.
(2)對(duì)外貿(mào)易區(qū)的數(shù)量和規(guī)劃的擴(kuò)展
(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation
(3)世界有紙作業(yè)和單據(jù)制造的數(shù)量的削減
(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm
(4)更多的涉外倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)事務(wù)由出口企業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)和操控
(5) Increasing number of smaller firm
(5)小企業(yè)的數(shù)量增加
(6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers.
(6)物流服務(wù)企業(yè)的涉外運(yùn)營(yíng)，如公營(yíng)倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)事務(wù)和世界運(yùn)送商
(7) Increasing multiple distribution channels
(7)增加多配送途徑
The international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.
從某些方面講，世界運(yùn)送等同于世界物流。因此，當(dāng)進(jìn)入世界貿(mào)易范疇時(shí)，企業(yè)有必要樹立世界物流體系以供給需求的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。世界物流的更重要的開展在于大力選用先進(jìn)的信息體系和施行獨(dú)立的部分運(yùn)作。

4.Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functions–marketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics.
包裝。包裝履行兩個(gè)根本的功用—營(yíng)銷和物流。就商場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷而言，包裝承當(dāng)促銷和廣告的功用。其尺度、分量、色彩和印制的信息會(huì)對(duì)顧客發(fā)生吸引力并將產(chǎn)品信息傳達(dá)給顧客。當(dāng)企業(yè)進(jìn)入世界商場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷時(shí)，包裝就顯得更為重要。出口到國(guó)外的產(chǎn)品需求運(yùn)送更長(zhǎng)的間隔，閱歷更多的裝卸轉(zhuǎn)移。而物流包裝在物流進(jìn)程中起到了維護(hù)產(chǎn)品的效果。
Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the re–production and re–processing locations.
廢棄物處理。物流進(jìn)程中的活動(dòng)也應(yīng)當(dāng)包含高效快速地對(duì)廢棄物進(jìn)行裝卸、運(yùn)送和倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)。如若廢棄物可以從頭使用或收回，物流企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)合理安排并將其運(yùn)送到再出產(chǎn)或再加工地址。
Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies.
退貨處理。退貨處理一般叫做反向配送。買方或許因各種原因?qū)a(chǎn)品退回賣方。大都物流體系未能對(duì)此類事情作出滿足妥善的處理。在許多職業(yè)，顧客因修理確保、替換或收回而退回產(chǎn)品，因此反向配送的本錢或許會(huì)很高。因?yàn)轭櫩蛯?duì)退貨方針的要求愈加靈敏、愈加實(shí)惠，反向配送將愈加重要。

5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL)
第三方物流
Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.
第三方物流供給了一切的物流活動(dòng)。他們?cè)诎袷追剑ü┙o商或出產(chǎn)商）和第二方（買方或顧客）之間扮演著橋梁或設(shè)備供給商的人物。第三方物流供給商的根本方針是下降供給商的全體物流本錢，進(jìn)步顧客服務(wù)水平。
Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pick–ups and deliveries, whereas in–house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:
第三方物流增加十分迅速。本錢下降和對(duì)更好更廉價(jià)的服務(wù)的需求是增加背面的動(dòng)力。第三方物流供給商可以將來自幾家企業(yè)的事務(wù)進(jìn)行整合，并能供給頻頻的提貨和交貨，而企業(yè)內(nèi)部運(yùn)送無(wú)法做到。（第三方物流開展的）其它原因如下：
* The company does not specialize in logistics;
* 企業(yè)并不專善于物流
* The company does not have sufficient resources;
* 企業(yè)本身沒有滿足的物流資源
* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities in–house;
* 對(duì)施行更好的物流運(yùn)作的期盼，或沒有時(shí)刻開發(fā)內(nèi)部物流所需求的才能
* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;
* 企業(yè)正出資一項(xiàng)新范疇，該范疇有著不同的物流需求
* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.
* 外包物流運(yùn)營(yíng)或許比整合物流運(yùn)營(yíng)愈加有吸引力

6.Global Logistics
全球物流
Developed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.
發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家常在兩個(gè)方面施行全球化:在第三世界國(guó)家追求更大的本錢優(yōu)勢(shì),以及在其他國(guó)家尋覓新的合作伙伴出產(chǎn)零配件、半成品乃至制成品。這第二個(gè)方面迫使發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家不得不進(jìn)入一個(gè)叫做“全球物流”的新范疇。
Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.
全球運(yùn)營(yíng)的利益包含(取得)廉價(jià)的原材料和終端產(chǎn)品,下降的勞作本錢,更好的質(zhì)量,進(jìn)步世界競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力以及更好的客戶服務(wù)。其缺陷首要是交貨的不可靠性,困難的交流以及從產(chǎn)品的規(guī)劃到產(chǎn)品的出產(chǎn)完結(jié)需求更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)刻。面對(duì)的應(yīng)戰(zhàn)常常來自于文明和言語(yǔ)的差異,法令要求,物流支撐,尋求適宜的全球供給商或出產(chǎn)商,外匯匯率等。
There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.
全球物流涉及到三種流通:物料流通,單據(jù)流通和資金流通。

7.Logistics into the Future
物流走向未來
Logistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth:
物流正以高速改動(dòng)著。其高速增加原因有二:
Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself
榜首,因本身體系的開展而被逼革新
(1) High–speed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand
(1)高速計(jì)算機(jī)體系和數(shù)據(jù)交換體系能繼續(xù)地對(duì)用戶需求施行流通和操作
(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing
(2)經(jīng)過計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)據(jù)加工能完成愈加靈敏的準(zhǔn)確的物流方案和辦理
(3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy
(3)柔性計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)備有助于問題的處理和進(jìn)步?jīng)Q議計(jì)劃的準(zhǔn)確度
(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accounting
(4)對(duì)全體本錢衡量和財(cái)務(wù)辦理的清醒認(rèn)識(shí)
Secondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy.
第二,來自規(guī)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)革新的壓力。
(1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition
(1)為了追求更大競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,關(guān)于不同規(guī)劃商場(chǎng)的處理需求有靈敏性
(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing.
(2)商場(chǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和零售增加的大幅度進(jìn)步
(3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more efficient, faster and more flexible

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